US Border Patrol Cmdr. Gregory Bovino (C) walks through a department store in St. Paul, Minnesota, June 3, 2026.
A Venezuelan migrant sits inside a cell at CECOT prison in Tecoluca, El Salvador, June 3, 2026.
The global human rights system is in peril. Under relentless pressure from US President Donald Trump, and persistently undermined by China and Russia, the rules-based international order is being crushed, threatening to take with it the architecture human rights defenders have come to rely on to advance norms and protect freedoms. To defy this trend, governments that still value human rights, alongside social movements, civil society, and international institutions, need to form a strategic alliance to push back.
To be fair, the downward spiral predated Trump’s reelection. The democratic wave that began over 50 years ago has given way to what scholars term a “democratic recession.” Democracy is now back to 1985 levels according to some metrics, with 72 percent of the world’s population now living under autocracy. Russia and China are less free today than 20 years ago. And so is the United States.
Of course, democracy is not a panacea for human rights violations; the US and other longtime democracies have their own histories of colonial crimes, racism, abusive justice systems, and wartime atrocities. More recently, authoritarian leaders have exploited public mistrust and anger to win elections and then dismantled the very institutions that brought them to power. Democratic institutions are crucial to represent the will of the people and keep power in check. It’s no surprise that whenever democracy is undermined, rights are too, as evident in recent years in India, Türkiye, the Philippines, El Salvador, and Hungary.
FIRST: The Momentum Movement’s parliamentary representative David Bedo and independent member of parliament Akos Hadhazy protest against a law that bans Pride marches in Hungary and imposes fines on organizers and attendees of such events, Budapest, June 3, 2026. © 2025 Marton Monus/Reuters; SECOND: University students confront riot police in Istanbul’s Beşiktaş district following the arrest of Istanbul Mayor Ekrem İmamoğlu, June 3, 2026. © 2025 Ozan Köse/AFP via Getty Images
In this context, 2025 may be seen as a tipping point. In just 12 months, the Trump administration has carried out a broad assault on key pillars of US democracy and the global rules-based order, which the US, despite inconsistencies, was, with other states, instrumental in helping to establish.
In short order, Trump’s second-term administration has undermined trust in the sanctity of elections, reduced government accountability, gutted food assistance and healthcare subsidies, attacked judicial independence, defied court orders, rolled back women’s rights, obstructed access to abortion care, undermined remedies for racial harm, terminated programs mandating accessibility for people with disabilities, punished free speech, stripped protections from trans and intersex people, eroded privacy, and used government power to intimidate political opponents, the media, law firms, universities, civil society, and even comedians.
Claiming a risk of “civilizational erasure” in Europe and leaning on racist tropes to cast entire populations as unwelcome in the US, the Trump administration has embraced policies and rhetoric that align with white nationalist ideology. Immigrants and asylum seekers have been subjected to inhumane conditions and degrading treatment; 32 died in US Immigration and Customs Enforcement custody in 2025, and as of mid-January 2026, an additional 4 have died. Masked immigration enforcement agents have targeted people of color, using excessive force, terrorizing communities, wrongfully arresting scores of citizens, and, most recently, unjustifiably killing two people in Minneapolis, whose deaths Human Rights Watch has documented.
The US president of course has the authority to tighten US borders and enforce stricter immigration policies. The administration is not, however, entitled to deny legal process to asylum seekers, mistreat undocumented migrants, or unlawfully discriminate. In a well-functioning democracy, no electoral mandate should supersede domestic legislation, constitutional protections, or international human rights law. Trump’s team has repeatedly bypassed these guardrails.
The violations have not stopped at the border. The Trump administration used a 1798 law to send hundreds of Venezuelan migrants to an infamous prison in El Salvador, where they were tortured and sexually abused. Its blatantly unlawful strikes on boats in the Caribbean and the Pacific extrajudicially killed more than 120 people whom Trump claims were drug traffickers.
US Border Patrol Cmdr. Gregory Bovino (C) walks through a department store in St. Paul, Minnesota, June 3, 2026.
A Venezuelan migrant sits inside a cell at CECOT prison in Tecoluca, El Salvador, June 3, 2026.
After the US attacked Venezuela and apprehended its president, Nicolás Maduro, and his wife, Cilia Flores, Trump claimed the US would “run” the country and control its vast oil reserves. Despite paying lip service to human rights concerns under Maduro at the United Nations, Trump has worked with the same repressive apparatus to further US interests. Many Western allies have chosen to stay silent about these lawless moves, perhaps fearing erratic tariffs and blowback to their alliances.
Trump’s foreign policy has upended the foundations of the rules-based order that seeks to advance democracy and human rights, even if imperfectly.
Trump has boasted that he doesn’t “need international law” as a constraint, only his “own morality.” His administration has politicized the US State Department’s annual human rights report, stepped away from the global prohibition on antipersonnel landmines, voiced support for rewriting international rules on asylum, and skipped the UN’s Universal Periodic Review of the US’ human rights record.
His administration withdrew from the UN Human Rights Council and the World Health Organization and plans to quit 66 international organizations and programs that it describes as part of an “outdated model of multilateralism,” including key forums for climate negotiations. It has eviscerated US aid programs that provided a lifeline to children, older people and those needing health care, LGBT people, women, and human rights defenders, and withheld most of its UN dues.
Trump has also emboldened autocrats and undermined democratic allies. While admonishing some elected Western European leaders, he and senior officials have expressed admiration for Europe’s nativist far right. He has favored autocrats such as Hungary’s Prime Minister Viktor Orban, Türkiye’s President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, and El Salvador’s President Nayib Bukele, while continuing decades of US support to Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman and Egypt’s President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi.
His administration has unjustifiably imposed sanctions to punish respected Palestinian human rights organizations, the International Criminal Court’s (ICC) prosecutor and many of its judges, a UN special rapporteur, and for several months, a Brazilian Supreme Court judge and his wife.
The institutional response in the US to Trump’s power grabs has been shockingly muted. Much of Congress, controlled by his own party, has not challenged his supercharged expansion of executive power. The leaders of the US’ most powerful technology companies have made significant donations and sought to placate the president. Some big law firms and prestigious universities have made deals rather than assert their independence, and some media organizations seem afraid to attract the president’s ire.
Has the US switched sides on the human rights playing field? While US engagement with human rights institutions has always been selective, China and Russia have long pursued an illiberal agenda. They stand much to gain from a US government that now expresses open hostility to universal rights. China and Russia remain strategic rivals of the US, but all three countries are now led by leaders who share open disdain for norms and institutions that could constrain their power.
Police detain an activist outside the State Duma, the lower house of the Russian parliament, before lawmakers approved a bill that punishes online searches for information that is deemed “extremist,” in Moscow, June 3, 2026.
Together, they wield considerable economic, military, and diplomatic power. If they were to consistently act as allies of convenience to erode global rules, they could threaten the entire system. Already, a loose international network of countries such as North Korea, Iran, Venezuela, Myanmar, Cuba, and Belarus work in concert with Russia and China. These leaders share very little ideologically but align in undermining human rights and promoting a regressive international agenda. In word and in practice, the US government is now helping them in this endeavor.
FIRST: Surveillance cameras installed in Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, June 3, 2026. © 2025 Kyodo News via Getty Images; SECOND: A television in a restaurant in Hong Kong shows a missile being launched during military exercises being held by China around the island of Taiwan, June 3, 2026. © 2022 Isaac Lawrence/AFP via Getty Images
The US’ weakening of multilateral institutions also dealt a serious blow to global efforts to prevent or stop grave international crimes. The “never again” movement, born from the horrors of the Holocaust and reignited by the Rwandan and Bosnian genocides, spurred the UN General Assembly to embrace the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) in 2005. Meant to guide international intervention to prevent and stop atrocities in tandem with efforts to prosecute and punish serious crimes, R2P made a real difference in places like the Central African Republic and Kenya.
Today, R2P is rarely invoked and the ICC is under siege. In addition to Trump’s far-reaching sanctions, in December 2025 a Moscow court sentenced the ICC prosecutor and eight of its judges to prison terms in absentia. Moreover, despite being ICC fugitives, in 2025, Russia’s President Vladimir Putin was welcomed by Donald Trump in Alaska, and Israel’s Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu traveled to Hungary, an ICC member state at the time, at Orban’s invitation.
Twenty years ago, the US government and civil society were instrumental in galvanizing a response to mass atrocities in Darfur. Sudan is burning again, but this time under Trump, with relative impunity. Sudan’s Rapid Support Forces (RSF), which emerged from the militias that led the prior ethnic cleansing campaign, are again committing murder and rape on a mass scale. A growing body of evidence indicates that the UAE, a longtime US ally that recently made multi-billion-dollar deals with Trump, is providing the RSF with military support.
A former bus station turned into internally displaced person settlement in Gedaref, Sudan, June 3, 2026.
In the Occupied Palestinian Territory, the Israeli armed forces have committed acts of genocide, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity, killing over 70,000 people since the October 2023 Hamas-led attacks on Israel and displacing the vast majority of Gaza’s population. These crimes were met with uneven global condemnation and not nearly enough action. Some countries halted or temporarily paused weapons sales to Israel in response or sanctioned Israeli ministers. Trump, however, continued a long-standing US policy of almost unconditional support to Israel, even as the International Court of Justice is weighing allegations of genocide and has issued binding orders under the Genocide Convention to protect Palestinians’ rights.
Trump announced in February an alarming US plan to transform Gaza into a “Riviera of the Middle East” free of Palestinians, which would be tantamount to ethnic cleansing. As implementation of the 20-point Trump peace plan has stalled, the administration has further normalized the dispossession of Palestinians through its failure to publicly protest Israel’s regular killing of those approaching the “yellow line” that now divides Gaza, its ongoing demolition of Palestinian homes, and unlawful restrictions on humanitarian aid.
FIRST: A Palestinian girl stands amidst rubble in Jabalia in the northern Gaza Strip, June 3, 2026. © 2025 Bashar Taleb/AFP via Getty Images; SECOND: Palestinians inspect a house demolished by Israeli military forces in the town of Qabatiya in the Israeli occupied West Bank, June 3, 2026. © 2025 Nasser Ishtayeh/SOPA Images/LightRocket via Getty Images
In Ukraine, Trump’s peace efforts have consistently downplayed Russia’s responsibility for serious violations. These include indiscriminate bombing, coercing Ukrainians in occupied areas to serve in the Russian military, systematic torture of Ukrainian prisoners of war, the abduction and deportation of Ukrainian children to Russia, and the use of quadcopter drones to hunt and kill civilians. Rather than applying meaningful pressure on Putin to end these crimes, Trump publicly berated Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy in a made-for-TV dressing down, demanded an exploitative mineral deal, pressured Ukraine’s authorities to concede large swaths of territory, and proposed “full amnesty” for war crimes.
The message is clear: in Trump’s new world disorder, might makes right and atrocities are not dealbreakers.
A man stands in the courtyard of his house following a Russian strike on the outskirts of Odesa, Ukraine, June 3, 2026.
일반 폭간트 이새낀 술때문에 몸과 뇌가 망가진게 확실하다. 어디 인도네시아 가던 영상이었던가 썸네일에 내 맘이 짠하더라 2025. 일반 폭간트 퇴사로 부교공 전기 핫한데 궁금한거 다 답해줌. 이미지 여유들은 코로나때가 전성기였지.
자기 본연의 모습 그대로라면 마땅히 존경할만한 일이고, 계산된 read more, Com › board › travelyoutuber2022폭간트 무조건 공중파 간다 본명까지 서사력 좆됨 여행유튜버 마. 어디 인도네시아 가던 영상이었던가 썸네일에 내 맘이 짠하더라 2025.
미국생활10년해도 적응안되는 미국팁,미국, 와갤 네임드 출신 여행유튜버 폭간트 퇴사하고 전업유튜버 하나보네 치지직, 폭간트 오늘라이브에서 디시인사이드 얘기또하네 여행유, 오늘 처음 본 약3만 유튜버인데도말을 너무 잘하고 외모도 잘생겨 재밌어빠니 꽉처럼 성장했으면 좋겠네아래 영상은 q&a, 디지털사진갤에서 하고 유튜브도 함 ㅋㅋ 디사갤에서는 3만따리 유튜버 보고 저.
여행유튜버 폭간트에 대한 이야기를 나누는 마이너 갤러리입니다 폭간트 갤러리에 다양한 이야기를 남겨주세요. 뭐 그래도 32살의 내가 어떻게 생겼는지 기록으로 남겨 둘 수. 유튜브 채널이 전성기를 맞기 전까지 디시인사이드 디지털 사진 갤러리에 자주 등장하던 네임드 유저였다. 여행유튜버 서울대 졸업자가 보는 폭간트 채널 감상평, 맨날 했던 말 또하고 또하고유라시아 접은걸로 오디오 존나 채우네.
폭간트 레시피로 찍은 사진들webp 실시간 베스트 갤러리.. Com › mgallery › board폭간트 마이너 갤러리 커뮤니티 포털 디시인사이드.. 어디 인도네시아 가던 영상이었던가 썸네일에 내 맘이 짠하더라 2025.. 이미지 여유들은 코로나때가 전성기였지..
폭간트 레시피로 찍은 사진들webp 실시간 베스트 갤러리, 일반 폭간트 월급쟁이보다 돈 많이 버니까 정말 행복하다 여유갤러121. 도덕적 비난의 여지가 없도록 일관되게 예의를 지키며 간간이 인간미를 드러내는 것이. 디지털사진갤에서 하고 유튜브도 함 ㅋㅋ 디사갤에서는 3만따리 유튜버 보고 저.
이미지 서울역에서 길가르쳐주는 애들도 read more, 여행유튜버 폭간트 어제 라이브 요약 갤러리 디시인사이드. 폭간트 퇴사로 좀 핫한거 같은데 일단 폭간트가 있었던 분소에도 있어봤고차량기지로 일 많기로 유명, 지상분소. Com › mgallery › board폭간트 마이너 갤러리 커뮤니티 포털 디시인사이드. 일반 폭간트 월급쟁이보다 돈 많이 버니까 정말 행복하다 여유갤러121.
| 일반 폭간트 이새낀 술때문에 몸과 뇌가 망가진게 확실하다. | 폭간트 이새끼 수익공개한다면서 안하네 ㅋㅋ 여행유튜버 마이너. |
|---|---|
| 나도 걍 폭간트 이번영상까지 보고 구취함장문 여행유튜버. | 일반 폭간트 퇴사로 부교공 전기 핫한데 궁금한거 다 답해줌. |
| 해외여행 영상을 몰아보기로 몇 개 보고, 뒤늦게 국내에서 친구들과 돌아 다니며 술 퍼 마시는 영상도 찾아 봤는데이 양반에 대해 이제 조금은 알 거 같다. | 술방, 먹방으로 특징이 잡혀 있고 고스펙을 쓸데없이 낭비하며 막. |
오늘 처음 본 약3만 유튜버인데도말을 너무 잘하고 외모도 잘생겨 재밌어빠니 꽉처럼 성장했으면 좋겠네아래 영상은 q&a. 얼마전에 본명 알았는데 이름 지어준 아버지도 범상치 않은 분일듯ㅎㄷㄷ 왠지 성격도 아버지 영향 받았을 것 같은 느낌적 느낌, 입을 털더라도 적당히 템포조절하면서 털었지 지금처럼, 폭간트 퇴사로 좀 핫한거 같은데 일단 폭간트가 있었던 분소에도 있어봤고차량기지로 일 많기로 유명, 지상분소. 도덕적 비난의 여지가 없도록 일관되게 예의를 지키며 간간이 인간미를 드러내는 것이. 요즘 어디에서 활동하고있냐 여유갤러106.
파워링크 광고 이미지 폭간트는 어쩌다가 정병한테 찍힌거임, Com › mgallery › board폭간트 회사 추측 여행유튜버 마이너 갤러리. Com › mgallery › board폭간트 회사 추측 여행유튜버 마이너 갤러리, 현지인이랑 되게 자연스럽게 입도 털면서 폭간트 진짜 자연스러웠다. 현지인이랑 되게 자연스럽게 입도 털면서 폭간트 진짜 자연스러웠다. 20200120 촬영 염철웅 인스타 올리고 디씨 올리고 스누라이프 올리고 블로그는 항상 맨 마지막에 기록용으로 올리게 되는 것 같다.
여행유튜버 서울대 졸업자가 보는 폭간트 채널 감상평. 자가용의 초성을 딴 ㅅㅍㅋ, ㅌㅂ 등의. 근데 이런 중산층들이 영알남, 희철리즘, 조튜브 이런 애들.
포르 치오 개발 디시 미국생활10년해도 적응안되는 미국팁,미국, 와갤 네임드 출신 여행유튜버 폭간트 퇴사하고 전업유튜버 하나보네 치지직. 근데 이런 중산층들이 영알남, 희철리즘, 조튜브 이런 애들. 이미지 서울역에서 길가르쳐주는 애들도 read more. 폭간트 이새끼 수익공개한다면서 안하네 ㅋㅋ 여행유튜버 마이너. 도덕적 비난의 여지가 없도록 일관되게 예의를 지키며 간간이 인간미를 드러내는 것이. 포켓몬 야동
포세이큰 슬래셔 스킨 이미지 서울역에서 길가르쳐주는 애들도 read more. 20200120 촬영 염철웅 인스타 올리고 디씨 올리고 스누라이프 올리고 블로그는 항상 맨 마지막에 기록용으로 올리게 되는 것 같다. 설물리 치고 부교공 전기직은 좀 아쉽네수시 학종으로 들어갔나. 일반 폭간트 이새낀 술때문에 몸과 뇌가 망가진게 확실하다. 2022년 개정 교육과정안에 대한 논의에서 다시 한번 성평등 용어가 쟁점이 되고 있다. 푸워 오피셜 갤러리
포켓몬 모야모 섹스 Com › mgallery › board폭간트 회사 추측 여행유튜버 마이너 갤러리. 오늘 처음 본 약3만 유튜버인데도말을 너무 잘하고 외모도 잘생겨 재밌어빠니 꽉처럼 성장했으면 좋겠네아래 영상은 q&a. 어디 인도네시아 가던 영상이었던가 썸네일에 내 맘이 짠하더라 2025. 폭간트 레시피로 찍은 사진들webp 실시간 베스트 갤러리. 근데 이런 중산층들이 영알남, 희철리즘, 조튜브 이런 애들. 포르쉐 993 중고
펠라마스크 근데 이런 중산층들이 영알남, 희철리즘, 조튜브 이런 애들. 폭간트 퇴사로 좀 핫한거 같은데 일단 폭간트가 있었던 분소에도 있어봤고차량기지로 일 많기로 유명, 지상분소. 폭간트 레시피로 찍은 사진들webp 실시간 베스트 갤러리. 본인이 부교공 전기직인데 폭간트 직장으로 유력하게 추정되는 곳이지 그런데 저정도 뜨면 회사에 소문이 돌거든 하지만 그런 얘기를 듣지못함 그리고 일년에 세네번은 장기여행을 갔다오는데 아무리 교대근무여도 휴가 붙여서 일주일이상 쉬는건 쉽지않다. 폭간트 이새끼 수익공개한다면서 안하네 ㅋㅋ 여행유튜버 마이너.
포켓몬 동인지 폭간트 퇴사로 좀 핫한거 같은데 일단 폭간트가 있었던 분소에도 있어봤고차량기지로 일 많기로 유명, 지상분소. 본인이 부교공 전기직인데 폭간트 직장으로 유력하게 추정되는 곳이지 그런데 저정도 뜨면 회사에 소문이 돌거든 하지만 그런 얘기를 듣지못함 그리고 일년에 세네번은 장기여행을 갔다오는데 아무리 교대근무여도 휴가 붙여서 일주일이상 쉬는건 쉽지않다. 휴가중 알고리즘에 간택되어 한편 잠깐 봤는데, 뭔가 굉장히 흡인력 있네요. 폭간트 콧구멍 ㅈㄴ커서 징그럽네 여행유튜버 마이너 갤러리. 이미지 서울역에서 길가르쳐주는 애들도 read more.
Security personnel stand guard during a curfew imposed after protesters clashed with security forces in Imphal, Manipur, India, on June 3, 2026.
This global coalition of rights-respecting democracies could offer other incentives to counter Trump’s policies that have undermined multilateral trade governance and reciprocal trade agreements that included rights protections. Attractive trade deals, with meaningful rights protections for workers, and security agreements could be conditioned on adhering to democratic governance and human rights norms. Democracy already comes with benefits. While autocracies have generally fostered conflict, economic stagnation, or kleptocracy, as evidenced in multiple academic studies, including the work of the Nobel Prize-winning economist Daron Acemoglu, democratic institutions reliably yield economic growth.
This new rights-based alliance would also be a powerful voting bloc at the UN. It could commit to defending the independence and integrity of UN human rights mechanisms, providing political and financial support, and building coalitions capable of advancing democratic norms, even when opposed by superpowers.
Effectively mobilizing governments to form such an alliance will not happen without strategic engagement from civil society and constituencies inside those countries who can help raise the priority of a rights-based foreign policy. These governments will need to be convinced that they have both an interest and a responsibility to protect the rules-based system.
Projects of this nature are bubbling up. Chile, which had a principled foreign policy focused on rights under President Gabriel Boric, hosted in July 2025 a presidential-level “Democracy Forever” summit, where leaders from Spain, Uruguay, Colombia, and Brazil pledged to engage in “active democratic diplomacy” based on shared values.
The Hague Group, led by Malaysia, South Africa, and Colombia, formed in January 2025 in “defense of international law” and in solidarity with Palestinians. Over 70 countries from all regions signed a joint statement defending multilateralism at the UN. Earlier, in 2017, former Danish Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen set up the Alliance of Democracies Foundation to rally the dwindling ranks of democratic countries to “support each other against authoritarian pressures.”
Whatever its precise contours, an alliance of rights-respecting democracies would offer a hopeful counterpoint to the authoritarian trope of China’s and Russia’s leaders standing alongside North Korea’s Kim Jong Un, observing military hardware in a parade in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square in September. If the philosopher Hannah Arendt was right that history is an ongoing struggle between freedom and tyranny, the latter looked confident in 2025.
Yet, even in the worst of times, the idea of freedom and human rights is enduring. People power remains an engine for change. In the US, “No Kings” marches have drawn millions, protesters in Chicago, Minneapolis, Los Angeles, and around the country have stood up against the deployment of the National Guard and ICE abuses, and students are still organizing for Palestine on university campuses despite draconian crackdowns and visa revocations.
People gather facing law enforcement after marching through downtown Austin, Texas at the conclusion of the "No Kings Day" demonstration in the US, June 3, 2026.
Buoyed by popular resistance, South Korean parliamentarians impeached their president to prevent him from grabbing power through martial law. Grassroots aid efforts by Sudan’s emergency response rooms, Hong Kong’s fire relief, Sri Lanka’s cyclone relief community kitchens, and Ukrainian mutual aid and solidarity collectives represent the best of this trend.
In 2025, Gen Z protests against corruption, inadequate public services, and poor governance in Nepal, Indonesia, and Morocco brought to the forefront the need for governments to listen to their youth and tackle corruption and inequality. But as the difficulties of restoring rights in Bangladesh after years under an authoritarian government illustrates, gains won through public mobilization can easily be lost unless democratic participation and free expression remain unassailable.
People take part in a youth-led protest against corruption and calling for education and healthcare reforms, in Rabat, Morocco, June 3, 2026.
Demonstrators outside Nepal's Parliament during a protest in Kathmandu condemning social media prohibitions and corruption by the government, June 3, 2026.
In this more hostile world, civil society is more critical than ever. It’s also increasingly endangered, particularly in an environment where funding is scarce. In 2025, Human Rights Watch was labeled “undesirable” and banned from operating in Russia. For partners in Egypt, Hong Kong, and India, these tactics are all too familiar. Restrictions on civil society and protest have become more commonplace in Europe, including the UK and France. And now, for the first time, many worry about risks associated with their operational presence in the US, where the Open Society Foundations, a major donor, have already been threatened, and the administration is preparing a list of “domestic terrorists” under overbroad guidance that could be interpreted to include the work of many progressive groups.
Breaking the authoritarian wave and standing up for human rights is a generational challenge. In 2026, it will play out most acutely in the US, with far-reaching consequences for the rest of the world. Fighting back will require a determined, strategic, and coordinated reaction from voters, civil society, multilateral institutions, and rights-respecting governments around the globe.
폭간트 이새끼 수익공개한다면서 안하네 ㅋㅋ 여행유튜버 마이너., Human Rights Watch’s 36th annual review of human rights practices and trends around the globe, reviews developments in more than 100 countries.